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THE BIRDS

OF

SOUTH AMERICA.

VOL. II. (Plates.)

rer
684 y UW

Fi a oneeae

Vi P

pied?

Birabeurue Wyn dha WIEME large | k nNarer
oon

The Birds Ane af
ILLUSTRATIONS
OF THE

GAME BIRDS AND WATER FOWL

SOUTH AMERICA.

H. GRONVOLD.

LONDON:
JOHN WHELDON & CO.,
38, GREAT QUEEN STREET, KINGSWAY, W.C.

1917.

PUBLISHER’S NOTE.

The series of plates included in the present volume were originally
intended to illustrate the second and third volumes of the “Birds of South
America,” of which only the first vol, comprising “A List of the Birds of
South America,’ was published. This work as projected by the late Lord
Brabourne, in conjunction with Mr. Chubb, was to have comprised 16 vols,
with 400 hand-coloured plates. The first volume mentioned above had only
appeared, however, when further progress was delayed by Lord Brabourne’s
last visit to South America, while his return to the Army when War broke
out, and his subsequent death at Neuve-Chapelle in 1915, put an abrupt stop
to the work. So little text had then been completed, and the work as
projected was so extensive and costly, that nothing could be done in the way
of completing even a second volume, but feeling that the fine series of plates
already finished by Mr. Gronvold (and partly printed) merited publication, |
made arrangements to issue them in the present way, and I have added
short notes on most of the species as compensation for the absence of any

other text.

H. KIRKE SWANN.

London, Dec. 1916.

Plate
No.

1

bo

Issued

in Part.

Il

No. in
List.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

1, 2,3 Rhea americana, R. rothschildi, R. pennata (American Rhea,

45

69,

96

70

Rothschild’s Rhea and Darwin’s Rhea). The Rheas are flightless
birds of very large size, measuring from four to five feet in height,
with small and imperfect wings, long legs and small feet ; represented
in Africa by the Ostriches and in Australia by the Emus, but most
nearly allied to the latter, having three toes on the foot instead of two
as in the former. The American Rhea is the E. Brazilian species,
Rothschild’s Rhea, the common Rhea, is the sub-species (the 2.
Americana of previous authors), inhabiting Uruguay, Argentina, etc.,
and Darwin’s Rhea is the Rhea of Patagonia and Chili. All frequent
open country, neyer wooded districts, and are found in parties of three
or four to twenty or thirty. When hunted by horsemen, who employ
the do/as, or thong and balls, they travel at a great speed, using the
wings only to steer with. The flesh of young birds is excellent but
the old are never eaten. Where not molested they will frequent the
neighbourhood of the es¢ancias. Several females lay in one nest, a
depression in the ground, each laying a dozen or more eggs, so that a
great number are sometimes found.

Tinamus solitarius (Sclitary Tinamou). The Tinamous, a remark-
able group, have no very near affinity to any other family. Super-
ficially they resemble the Partridges, and are so called by the
Spaniards, while the flesh is most delicate eating. They are essentially
ground birds and swift runners, non-perching and non-gregarious ; in
size small, ranging from that of a Quail to that of a common fowl;
some 70 species in all are found in South America. The flight is
heavy, noisy and short, but very rapid; the food is insects chiefly,
also fruit, seeds and grain. The male alone incubates. Nest: a
hollow in the ground lined with leaves. Eggs: always clear unspotted
and highly polished, in colour turquoise, deep green, purple, yellow,
reddish, or chocolate brown according to the species. The Solitary
Tinamou inhabits Paraguay and S.E. Brazil.

Rhynehotus rufescens (Great Tinamou). Inhabits S.E. Brazil,
Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina. Known on the pampas of
Argentina as Perdiz grande, or Great Partridge. It is about 1r4-in. in
length. The ferdiz comun or Common Partridge is the Spotted
Tinamou (Wothura maculosa).

Taoniseus nanus (Dwarf Tinamou) ; Calopezus elegans (Martinetta
Tinamou). The Dwarf Tinamou inhabits Brazil and Paraguay.
The Martinetta says Hudson (the word Tinamou, by the way, is
never used except by naturalists for any of these birds) is a fine game
bird of Patagonia, south of the Rio Colorado, inhabiting the elevated
tablelands chiefly where patches of dwarf scrub occur among the
thorny thickets. It also occurs in W. Argentina.

Tinamotis pentlandi (Pentland’s Tinamou). Inhabits the upland
valleys of the mountain ranges from North Chili to Ecuador.

Penelope obscura (Dark Guan). The Curassows and Guans, com-
prising the Gallinaceous family Cracide, form one of the most
characteristic groups of the larger birds inhabiting the South American
forests. They number some fifty species, all essentially arboreal in
habits, frequenting dense woods and generally building a large nest in
trees, the eggs being white or merely speckled. The present species
has a wide range, viz.: Uruguay, S.E. Brazil, Bolivia and N. Argentina.
The other fifteen species of Penelope are confined to the more tropical
parts of S. America.

Plate

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Issued
in Part.

II.

UE,

IV.

No. in
List
98
99
107, 115
119
121
122
132
144
145, 176
148, 151
154, 206
155

8

Penelope jacquaca (Crested Guan). This species is the Pavo de
Monte, or Wood Turkey of the Spaniards. It is found in Uppe
Amazonia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.

Penelope pileata (Red-breasted Guan). Inhabits N.E. Brazil.

Ortalida ruficauda (Red-tailed Guan). O. erythroptera (Red-winged
Guan). Beebe found the Red-tailed Guan associating with domestic
fowls in Venezuela, and mentions the belief (held also elsewhere) that
they inter-breed, producing fine game cocks, but no such hybrids
could be produced. The Red-winged Guan is found both in
Venezuela and Ecuador.

Cumana jacutinga (Spix’s White-headed Guan). a native of S.E.
Brazil and Paraguay.

Aburria aburri (Wattled Guan). Found in Columbia and Ecuador.

Chamepetes goudotii (Goudot’s Guan). Inhabits Colombia,
Ecuador and Peru.

Odontophorus capueira (Capoeira Partridge). This species inhabits
S.E. Brazil. All the other members of the genus are confined to
Western Tropical America. Gould, who has admirably figured and
described the birds of this group in his Monograph of the Odon-
tophorinee, calls them the ‘‘Partridges of America.” Newton
considered them closely allied to the Old World Quails. About 14
species occur in S. America, together with 6 species of the allied
genus Lupsychortyx or ‘Crested Quails.”

Columba corensis (Bare-faced Pigeon). The Pigeons and Doves of
South America are very numerous, and comprise nearly 70 species.
The habits of many are akin to those of their Old World congenora,
but in several genera such as Geofrygon, the Ground-Doves, they are
of course much modified. The Bare-faced Pigeon is a native of
Venezuela.

Columba picazuro (Picazuro Pigeon); Columbina grisea (Grey
Ground-Dove). The Picazuro Pigeon inhabits Brazil, Paraguay,
Uruguay and is the common wood-pigeon of Argentina. In appear-
ance and habits it resembles its European namesake, the Ring Dove
or Wood Pigeon. The Grey Ground-Dove inhabits Brazil, Guiana,
Venezuela and Columbia.

Columba maculosa (Spot-Winged Pigeon) ; C. sylvestris (Paraguayan
Rufous Pigeon). The Spot-Winged Pigeon has a wide range extending
from Peru to Argentina. It resembles the Picazuro Pigeon but may
be at once distinguished, says Mr. Hudson, by its spotted back and
wings. The Paraguayan Rufous Pigeon is found in S. Brazil as well
as Paraguay.

Columba albilinea (White-naped Pigeon); Geotrygon bourcieri
(Bourcier’s Ground-Dove). As indicated above two species of Pigeons
of widely dissimilar appearance and habits are depicted on this plate.
The first-named ranges from Columbia and Guiana to Peru and
Bolivia, while the second inhabits W. Columbia and W. Ecuador.

Columba araucana (Chilian Pigeon), Inhabits Chile, and is known
as ‘‘ Torcaza.”

Plate
No.

19

21

22

23

24

25

26

Issued
In Part.

Il,

IV,

ne

IV.

No. in
List.
162, 179
195, 196
221, 251

231
232
263
274
344, 345

9

Zenaida auriculata (Violet-eared Dove); Chameepelia_talpacoti
(Talpacoti Ground Dove). The Violet-eared Dove, or “Tortolita ”
which inhabits the greater part of S. America, has an affinity to the
European Turtle Dove. The Talpacoti Ground-Dove, a pretty
chocolate-coloured dove breeds, says White, in the orange groves in
the province of Salta, Argentina; it ranges northward through Brazil,
Bolivia and Peru to Venezuela and Guiana.

Leptoptila chloroauchenia (Green-naped Dove); L. callauchen
(Salvadori’s Dove). Both these species are found in Argentina and
Paraguay. The Green-naped Dove, a handsome species, is an inhabi-
tant of wooded districts, but a ground feeder, and of solitary habits.
The bird is said to utter a single melodious note.

Pardirallus rytirhynchus (Black Rail): Creciscus viridis
(Cayenne Crake). The Rails and Crakes of South America are very
numerous, some fifty species being known to science. The Black
Rail, a species hardly larger than our English Water-Rail, is found,
says Hudson, throughout La Plata, everywhere where reeds and rushes
grow. It has a wide range covering nearly all the southern half of S.
America. The Cayenne Crake inhabits Colombia, Guiana and Brazil.

Aramides chiricote (Azara’s Wood-Rail). A native of Paraguay
and Brazil.

Aramides ypecaha (Ypecaha Wood-Rail). The Spaniards, says
Hudson, call this species Gad/inefa, from its supposed resemblance to
a fowl. It is a large species, measuring some 109-in. in length, and
frequents the reed-beds, etc., and where not persecuted will come out
of the reeds by day, even entering the villages. It is pugnacious and
will attack the domestic poultry. An excellent account of this bird’s
habits is given in Hudson and Sclater’s Argentine Ornithology (II.,
pp. 151-54). It also inhabits S. Brazil and Paraguay.

Fulica gigantea (Gigantic Coot). Six species of Coot inhabit S.
America, of which three are common on the pampas of Argentina and
Patagonia and are generally widely distributed. The present large
species and one other are found in Bolivia, Peru and N. Chili; while
the Horned Coot is confined to Bolivia and N.W. Argentina.

Podiceps major (Great Grebe). The Grebes of S. American number
y species. They differ little from their European congenora. The
present species is about the size of our Great Crested Grebe, and
is found from Peru and Bolivia to the Straits of Magellan.

Larus cirrhocephalus (Grey-headed Gull): L. maculipennis
(Spotted-winged Gull). The S. American Gulls and Terns are
numerous, some 37 species being known, of which several are
cosmopolitan species included also in the British avifauna. The
Grey-headed Gull ranges no further north than S.E. Brazil and
Peru nor further south than Argentina. It retains its pearl-grey
hood throughout the year, although it lightens in the winter. The
Spotted-winged Gull is found from S. Brazil to Patagonia and Chili,
and is called Gaviota. It breeds on inland marshes, and its eggs are
delicate eating, resembling those of the Plover in taste and appearance.

Bal

Plate
°.

27

28

Hg)

30

31

32

33

34

Issued
in Part.

ILVUE.

IV.

We

V.

Vi.

ILE

Wile

No.in

10

List.
359, 360 Thinocorus orbignyianus (D’Orbigny’s Seed-Snipe); T. rumi-

366

371-2-3

384, 385

418

430

439-40

457

civorus (Common Seed-Snipe). Speaking of the Common Seed-
Snipe, Hudson says “This curious bird has the grey upper
plumage and narrow long sharply pointed wings of a Snipe, with the
plump body and short strong curved beak of a Partridge.” It feeds
on seeds (mainly clover seeds), and tender buds and leaves. It is
about 6% inches in length, and inhabits Tierra del Fuego, Chili and
Patagonia, ranging north to the pampas of Argentina and also Peru
and Bolivia in winter. D’Orbigny’s Seed-Snipe has a very similar
range.

Hematopus durnfordi (Durnford’s Oyster-catcher), Like its
European congenor this striking bird frequents the sea-coast of
Patagonia where it is met with it pairs, or sometimes small flocks.
Four other species occur, and the Plover family is in fact well
represented in S. America by some 65 species, of which no less than
17 are on the British list, these including the Turnstone, Grey Plover,
Spotted Sandpiper, Ruff, Sanderling, Knot, Grey Phalarope and other
familiar species.

Belonopterus cayennensis, B. grisescens, B. chilensis
(Cayenne Lapwing, Argentine Lapwing, Chilian Lapwing). The first
of these species occurs in Guiana, Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil,
the second from Paraquay and Uruguay to Argentina, the third
in Peru, Chile and the Falkland Islands. The Cayenne Lapwing
much resembles the Old World Lapwing both in appearance, habits
and nesting, but is considerably larger, measuring about 13-in. in
length. It is a bird of the pampas and is known as Zeru-teru from
its cry.

Charadrius occidentalis (Western Plover): C. falklandicus
(Falkland Island Plover). The Western Plover has been recorded
only from the province of Tarapaca, N. Chile. The Falkland Island
Plover has a wider range than its name indicates, extending to Chile,
Argentina, and Uruguay. The nest, says Gibson, is always placed near
the water and is a slight scraping in the grouud, lined with dry grass ;
eggs 3, spotted with black on an olive ground.

Gullinago gigantea (Giant Snipe). This fine species inhabits Brazil,
Paraquay, Uruguay and Argentina. Nine other species of Snipe occur
in S. America.

Burhinus bistriatus (Double-striped Thick-knee) A Native of
Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil. It has much of the appearance and
habits of the English Thick-knee or Stone Curlew.

Psophia ochroptera (Ochre-winged Trumpeter): P. viridis (Green-
winged Trumpeter). Six species of Trumpeter are found in S.
America; of the two figured thefirst inhabits the Rio Negro region of
N. Brazil, and the second the Rio Madeira region of Central Brazil.

Ajaia ajaja (Roseate Spoonbill). This fine species which occurs
over S. America as far south as the Rio Negro in Argentina is
usually seen, says Hudson, on the pampas in small flocks of 6 to 20,
which all feed together, wading to the knees and sweeping their
long flat beaks from side to side as they advance. This family comes
between the Ibises, of which 13 species are found in S. America, and
the Herons, of which 29 species occur, besides 3 species of Storks,
There are also the Screamers, three in number, and 4 kinds of
Flamingoes.

37

38

Issued

No. in

in Part.

VI.

II.

1M

457

List.

as

Ajaia ajaja juv. (Roseate Spoonbill, young)

501, 505-6 Chloephaga melanoptera (Andean Goose), C. rubidiceps (Falk-

507

515

land Island Goose): C. poliocephala (Ashy-headed Goose). In this
fine plate Mr. Gronvold has depicted three out of six species of this
fine genus of Geese, all which occur at the Straits of Magellan,
4 being found in the Falkland Islands, two migrating north to
Argentina in winter, and one, the Andean Goose, inhabiting the high
Andes from the Straits of Magellan to Chile, Peru and Bolivia,
descending to the plains in winter. Two species of Swan, the
Black-necked and the Coscoroba occur throughout the southern half
of S. America, and the Avatzde@ are further represented by 43 species
including ‘Teal, Pintails, Shovelers, Wigeon, Pochards, Lake Ducks,
Spurwinged Ducks, and Merganser.

Dendrocygna viduata (White-faced Tree-Duck) The Tree-Ducks,
three in number, are widely distributed over S. America, the present
species being found southward to Argentina. Hudson says it utters
three long clear whistling notes. The common “ Pato silva” or
Whistling Duck of Argentina is however the Fulvous Tree-Duck
(Dendrocygua fulva).

Mareea sibilatrix (Chiloe Wigeon). This species says Hudson, is
most abundant on the pampas of Buenos Ayres and Argentina ; it is
resident and usually seen in small flocks of 12 to 20, but sometimes
as many as 100 tO 200.

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The Birds of South Am

Ssh a
ae

Tinamus solitarius.

r

Tinamow.

Solitary

The Birds of South America Vol. II. Pl. 3.

Rhynchotus rufescens.

Great Tinamow .

Bale & Danielsson, L'4 imp

Vol. II. Pb. 4:

The Birds of South America

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DanielssonL*4 imp

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The Buds of South America

Tinamotis pentlandv.

Pentland’s Tinamow.

Vol. HI. Pl

rs

J.

The Birds of South America

- Daniels eon .L! imp

Penelope obscura.
Dark Guan.

Vol. IT. PU.6.

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The Birds of South, America

Vol. I. Pb.

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/. Ortalida ruficauda.

Red-tailed, Guan.

2. Ortalida erythroptera.

Red-winged Guan.

SO

The Birds of South America Vals TE PEE:

Aburria aburri
Wattled Guan.

Bale & Danielseon ,L'4 imp

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The Birds of South America

Odon toph orus capuetrda.

Capoetra Partridge

Picts

The Birds of South America

Bale & Danielsson, Lb? ump

Columba corensis.
Bare-faced Pigeon.

Vol. II. PU.

14.

The Birds of South America

Bale & Damielsaon,b'timp

1. Columbina grisea.

Grey Ground -Dove.

2. Columba picaxuro.

Picazuro Pigeon.

Vol. II. PU.

The Birds of South America Vol. IT. Pu. 76.

/. Columba sylvestris.

Faraquayan Rufous Pigeon.

&. Columba maculosa.

Spot-Winged Pigeon.

Bale & Damelsson,L* imp

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Vol. I. Pl. /0.

The Burds of South America

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CGunana Jacuting ww.

Spix's White-headed Guan.

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The Birds of South America Vol. I. Pl. 2

Aramides Ypecaha.
Ypecaha Wood -Rail.

The Birds of South America VOU PLA BT.

Dendrocygna viduata.
White -faced Tree -Duck.

Balt & Denielsscin,L'4 imp,

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America

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The Birds of South America

Bale & Danicleson Limp

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The Buds of South America Vol. Il. Pl

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Giant Snipe.

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v. 2 the bids of South Ameria